JKBOSE Class 12th Environmental Science Notes 2026-27
JKBOSE Class 12th Environment Notes 2026-27
Complete Environmental Science Notes | Unit-wise Syllabus | Important Topics | Study Links
Class 12th JKBOSE Session 2026-27 Environmental ScienceJKBOSE Class 12th Environment Notes 2026-27
Welcome to the complete JKBOSE Class 12th Environment Notes 2026-27 study guide. This page is prepared for students who want to revise Environmental Science in simple and easy English.
Environmental Science helps us understand air, water, soil, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, sustainable development, and environmental laws. Each unit in the syllabus carries 7 marks, as provided in the topic list.
For better preparation, study the basic concepts first, learn important definitions, revise examples, and practise short and long-answer questions.
JKBOSE Class 12th Environment: Quick Information
| Course | Environmental Science |
|---|---|
| Class | 12th |
| Board | Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education (JKBOSE) |
| Academic Session | 2026-27 |
| Total Units | 10 |
| Marks Mentioned | 7 marks per unit |
| Study Material | Unit-wise notes, revision material and flash cards |
Table of Contents
Unit 1: Air Pollution and Control 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Air pollution: sources and types
- Impact of air pollution on the environment
- Criteria pollutants
- Indoor air pollution
- Control of gaseous and particulate pollutants
Important Concepts for Revision
Air pollution means the presence of harmful solid, liquid or gaseous substances in the atmosphere in amounts that can harm living organisms and the environment.
Sources: Vehicles, industries, thermal power plants, construction activities, burning of waste, agriculture and natural events such as forest fires.
Types: Primary pollutants are released directly into the air. Secondary pollutants form through chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
Control methods: Use filters, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, cleaner fuels, public transport, plantation and proper industrial emission control.
Read Full Chapter: Air Pollution and Control NotesUnit 2: Noise and Radiation Pollution 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Noise pollution: sources and effects on health
- Prevention and control of noise pollution
- Radiation pollution: concept and causes
- Effects of radioactive pollution
- Control measures of radioactive pollution
Important Concepts for Revision
Noise pollution is unwanted or excessive sound that disturbs people, animals and the environment. Common sources include traffic, loudspeakers, industries, construction and machines.
Noise pollution may cause stress, sleep disturbance, hearing problems, poor concentration and increased blood pressure.
Radiation pollution is the harmful contamination of the environment by excessive or uncontrolled ionising radiation. Sources include nuclear accidents, improper radioactive waste disposal, medical equipment and certain industrial activities.
Control measures include shielding, safe storage, monitoring, trained workers, proper disposal and following radiation safety rules.
Read Full Chapter: Noise and Radiation Pollution NotesUnit 3: Water Pollution 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Surface and groundwater pollution: sources and effects
- Eutrophication and biomagnification
- Marine pollution
- Water pollution control
- Sewage treatment plant: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
Important Concepts for Revision
Water pollution is the change in the physical, chemical or biological quality of water that makes it harmful or unsuitable for use.
Sources include sewage, industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, plastics, oil spills and domestic waste.
Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of a water body with nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. It can cause algal growth and oxygen depletion.
Biomagnification is the increase in the concentration of certain harmful chemicals at higher levels of a food chain.
| Treatment Stage | Main Function |
|---|---|
| Primary | Physical removal of large solids and suspended particles. |
| Secondary | Biological treatment to reduce biodegradable organic matter. |
| Tertiary | Advanced treatment to remove additional nutrients, chemicals or microorganisms. |
Unit 4: Soil and Its Degradation 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Soil: composition and profile
- Indian classification of soil types
- Soil pollution: causes, impacts and control
- Soil erosion: causes, impacts and control
- Desertification and its control
Important Concepts for Revision
Soil is the upper layer of the land surface that supports plant growth. It contains minerals, organic matter, water, air and living organisms.
A soil profile generally contains horizons such as O, A, B, C and bedrock, although all horizons may not be present in every soil.
Soil erosion is the removal of fertile topsoil by water, wind or human activities. Deforestation, overgrazing, mining and improper farming can increase erosion.
Control methods: Afforestation, contour farming, terracing, shelter belts, mulching, controlled grazing and proper land management.
Read Full Chapter: Soil and Its Degradation NotesUnit 5: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Solid waste: sources, generation and impacts
- Management of solid waste
- Composting, incineration, pyrolysis and sanitary landfill
- E-waste and its management
- Hazardous waste: definition, types and characteristics
- Deep well injection, plasma torch and incineration
Important Concepts for Revision
Solid waste includes unwanted or discarded solid materials generated by homes, markets, industries, offices, hospitals and other activities.
The basic waste management approach is to reduce waste generation, reuse materials, recycle useful materials, recover resources and dispose of remaining waste safely.
| Method | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Composting | Biological decomposition of biodegradable organic waste. |
| Incineration | Controlled burning of waste at high temperature. |
| Pyrolysis | Thermal decomposition of material in little or no oxygen. |
| Sanitary landfill | Engineered disposal of waste with measures to control pollution. |
E-waste means discarded electrical and electronic equipment. It should be collected, dismantled and recycled through authorised systems.
Read Full Chapter: Solid and Hazardous Waste ManagementUnit 6: Biodiversity Management 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Levels and importance of biodiversity
- Threats to biodiversity
- Threatened species according to IUCN
- Biodiversity hotspots
- In-situ and ex-situ conservation
Important Concepts for Revision
Biodiversity means the variety of life found on Earth. It includes diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels.
Biodiversity provides food, medicines, pollination, soil formation, climate regulation and cultural value.
Major threats include habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution and climate change.
| Conservation Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| In-situ | Conservation of species in their natural habitat. | National parks and wildlife sanctuaries. |
| Ex-situ | Conservation outside the natural habitat. | Zoos, seed banks and botanical gardens. |
The IUCN Red List classifies species into categories such as Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened and Least Concern, based on assessed extinction risk.
Read Full Chapter: Biodiversity Management NotesUnit 7: Global Environmental Issues 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Introduction to global environmental issues
- Climate change and global warming: causes, consequences and control
- Ozone layer depletion: causes, consequences and control
- Acid rain: causes, impacts and control
- Smog: concept, types, impacts and control
Important Concepts for Revision
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average surface temperature, mainly due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities.
Climate change includes long-term changes in temperature, rainfall, wind patterns and other climate conditions.
Ozone layer depletion is the reduction of stratospheric ozone due to ozone-depleting substances such as certain chlorofluorocarbons.
Acid rain forms when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react in the atmosphere and produce acidic substances.
Smog is polluted air formed by a mixture of smoke, gases and other pollutants. Photochemical smog develops through sunlight-driven chemical reactions.
Read Full Chapter: Global Environmental Issues NotesUnit 8: Regional and Local Environmental Issues 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Regional and local environmental issues
- Industrial impacts with special reference to brick kilns and cement industries
- Degradation of lakes, wetlands and springs
- Tourism: impacts and alternatives
- Deforestation: causes, consequences and control
Important Concepts for Revision
Local environmental problems depend on geography, population, industries, land use and available natural resources.
Brick kilns may release particulate matter and gases when fuel is burned. Cleaner technology, improved fuel use and emission control can reduce their impact.
Cement industries may cause dust, emissions, noise and land disturbance. Dust control systems, monitoring and proper waste management are important.
Wetlands, lakes and springs can be damaged by sewage, plastic waste, encroachment, excessive extraction, siltation and tourism pressure.
Sustainable tourism aims to reduce environmental damage while supporting local communities and protecting cultural and natural resources.
Read Full Chapter: Regional and Local Environmental IssuesUnit 9: Sustainable Development 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Sustainable development: concept, history and characteristics
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Society, environment, culture and economy
- Ecotourism
- Environmental Impact Assessment: scope and key elements
Important Concepts for Revision
Sustainable development means development that meets the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The main components are environmental protection, economic development, social well-being and cultural respect.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals include 17 global goals related to poverty, health, education, equality, climate, peace and partnerships.
Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that supports conservation and benefits local people.
EIA means Environmental Impact Assessment. It is a process used to identify and evaluate the possible environmental effects of a proposed project before important decisions are made.
Read Full Chapter: Sustainable Development NotesUnit 10: Environmental Legislation and International Conventions 7 Marks
Topics Covered
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
- Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
- Disaster Management Act, 2005
- Kyoto Protocol
- Montreal Protocol
- Ramsar Convention
- CITES
Important Concepts for Revision
Water Act, 1974: Provides a legal framework for preventing and controlling water pollution and supports the functioning of pollution control boards.
Air Act, 1981: Provides measures for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.
Environment Protection Act, 1986: Gives the central government broad powers to protect and improve the environment and to address environmental pollution.
Disaster Management Act, 2005: Establishes a legal framework for disaster management, including prevention, preparedness, response, relief and recovery.
| Convention/Protocol | Main Focus |
|---|---|
| Kyoto Protocol | International agreement connected with limiting greenhouse gas emissions by covered parties. |
| Montreal Protocol | Protection of the ozone layer by controlling ozone-depleting substances. |
| Ramsar Convention | Conservation and wise use of wetlands. |
| CITES | Regulation of international trade in listed wild animals and plants. |
Study note: Learn the year, objective, important provisions and examples of each law or convention. Refer to official sources for the latest legal amendments and details.
Read Full Chapter: Environmental Legislation and International ConventionsAdditional JKBOSE Class 12th Environment Revision Material
Use these resources for quick revision, last-minute preparation and important concept practice.
JKBOSE Class 12th EVS Short Revision Notes JKBOSE Class 12th EVS Flash CardsHow to Prepare JKBOSE Class 12th Environment for Exams
- Read every unit once to understand the complete syllabus.
- Learn important definitions in simple words.
- Prepare differences, causes, effects and control measures.
- Practise diagrams such as the soil profile and sewage treatment process.
- Revise environmental laws with their years and main objectives.
- Use short notes and flash cards for quick revision.
- Practise previous-year questions and write answers in clear points.
- Revise every unit regularly instead of studying everything at the last moment.
Answer Writing Tips for Environmental Science
- Start with a clear definition.
- Use headings such as causes, effects and control measures.
- Write answers in short and meaningful points.
- Add examples wherever required.
- Draw a labelled diagram when it is relevant.
- Underline important keywords neatly in the examination.
- Do not write unrelated information.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are JKBOSE Class 12th Environment Notes 2026-27?
These are unit-wise Environmental Science study notes prepared for Class 12th JKBOSE students for the 2026-27 academic session.
How many units are included in the provided syllabus?
The provided syllabus contains 10 units, from Air Pollution and Control to Environmental Legislation and International Conventions.
Where can I find detailed chapter notes?
Detailed notes are available through the individual UniversityScope chapter links given under each unit.
Are short notes and flash cards available?
Yes. Links to the JKBOSE Class 12th EVS short notes and flash cards are included in the revision material section.
Disclaimer: This educational post is prepared for study and revision. Always compare syllabus, legal provisions and examination instructions with official JKBOSE or government sources.
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