SSC GD Profit and Loss Notes 2026 – Complete Handwritten Notes, Easy Theory, Formulas & Solved Questions

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Profit & Loss

Detailed Theory • Very Easy English • SSC GD Exam Focus

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Chapter Roadmap

1. Cost Price & Selling Price2. Profit & Loss %3. Find CP or SP4. Marked Price & Discount5. Profit after Discount6. Successive Changes7. False Weight8. Shortcuts & Traps9. 15 Solved Questions10. Final Revision

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1. Cost Price, Selling Price, Profit and Loss

Cost Price (CP)

Cost Price is the money paid to buy an item. We write it as CP.

\[\boxed{CP=Cost\ of\ the\ item}\]

Selling Price (SP)

Selling Price is the money received when the item is sold. We write it as SP.

\[\boxed{SP=Selling\ Price}\]

Profit: when SP is more than CP.

\[\boxed{Profit=SP-CP}\]

Loss: when CP is more than SP.

\[\boxed{Loss=CP-SP}\]

Solved Example 1

Question: A pen is bought for ₹80 and sold for ₹100. Find profit.

1. CP = ₹80 and SP = ₹100.
2. Since SP > CP, there is a profit.
3. Profit = SP − CP.
4. Profit = 100 − 80 = ₹20.
5. Answer: Profit = ₹20.

Solved Example 2

Question: A bag is bought for ₹900 and sold for ₹750. Find the loss.

1. CP = ₹900, SP = ₹750.
2. Since CP > SP, there is a loss.
3. Loss = CP − SP.
4. Loss = 900 − 750 = ₹150.
5. Answer: Loss = ₹150.

Solved Example 3

Question: An article is bought for ₹450 and sold for ₹450. Find profit or loss.

1. CP = SP = ₹450.
2. There is no increase and no decrease.
3. Profit = 450 − 450 = ₹0.
4. Loss = 450 − 450 = ₹0.
5. Answer: No profit, no loss.

2. Profit and Loss Percentage

Profit percentage tells us how much profit is earned compared with CP.

\[\boxed{Profit\%={Profit\over CP}\times100}\]

Loss percentage tells us how much loss occurs compared with CP.

\[\boxed{Loss\%={Loss\over CP}\times100}\]

Golden Rule: Profit% and Loss% are normally calculated on CP, not SP.

Solved Example 1

Question: CP = ₹500, SP = ₹600. Find profit%.

1. Profit = 600 − 500 = ₹100.
2. Profit% = (100/500) × 100.
3. = 20%.
4. Answer: Profit = ₹100, Profit% = 20%.

Solved Example 2

Question: CP = ₹800, SP = ₹680. Find loss%.

1. Loss = 800 − 680 = ₹120.
2. Loss% = (120/800) × 100.
3. = 15%.
4. Answer: Loss = ₹120, Loss% = 15%.

Solved Example 3

Question: An item gives ₹90 profit on CP ₹600. Find profit%.

1. Profit = ₹90.
2. CP = ₹600.
3. Profit% = (90/600) × 100.
4. = 15%.
5. Answer: 15%.

3. Find Selling Price or Cost Price from Percentage

When Profit% is Given

\[\boxed{SP=CP\times\left(1+{p\over100}\right)}\]

So for p% profit:

\[\boxed{SP=CP\times{100+p\over100}}\]

When Loss% is Given

\[\boxed{SP=CP\times{100-l\over100}}\]

Solved Example 1

Question: CP = ₹1,200 and profit = 25%. Find SP.

1. Use SP = CP × 125/100.
2. SP = 1200 × 125/100.
3. SP = 12 × 125 = ₹1,500.
4. Answer: SP = ₹1,500.

Solved Example 2

Question: CP = ₹2,000 and loss = 15%. Find SP.

1. SP = CP × 85/100.
2. SP = 2000 × 85/100.
3. SP = ₹1,700.
4. Answer: SP = ₹1,700.

Solved Example 3

Question: SP = ₹1,440 at 20% profit. Find CP.

1. At 20% profit, SP = 120% of CP.
2. So CP = 1440 × 100/120.
3. CP = ₹1,200.
4. Answer: CP = ₹1,200.

4. Marked Price and Discount

Marked Price (MP) is the price written on the tag before discount.

\[\boxed{Discount=MP-SP}\]

\[\boxed{Discount\%={Discount\over MP}\times100}\]

\[\boxed{SP=MP\times{100-d\over100}}\]

Solved Example 1

Question: MP = ₹2,000 and discount = 10%. Find SP.

1. After 10% discount, customer pays 90% of MP.
2. SP = 2000 × 90/100.
3. SP = ₹1,800.
4. Answer: SP = ₹1,800.

Solved Example 2

Question: MP = ₹1,500, SP = ₹1,200. Find discount and discount%.

1. Discount = 1500 − 1200 = ₹300.
2. Discount% = (300/1500) × 100.
3. = 20%.
4. Answer: Discount = ₹300, Discount% = 20%.

Solved Example 3

Question: An article marked ₹4,000 is sold at 15% discount. Find selling price.

1. SP = 4000 × 85/100.
2. SP = 40 × 85 = ₹3,400.
3. Answer: SP = ₹3,400.

5. Profit after Discount

Discount is calculated on MP, while profit/loss percentage is calculated on CP. This difference is very important.

Solved Example 1

Question: CP = ₹1,000, MP = ₹1,500. A discount of 10% is given. Find profit%.

1. Discount = 10% of 1500 = ₹150.
2. SP = 1500 − 150 = ₹1,350.
3. Profit = 1350 − 1000 = ₹350.
4. Profit% = (350/1000) × 100 = 35%.
5. Answer: Profit = ₹350, Profit% = 35%.

Solved Example 2

Question: CP = ₹800, MP = ₹1,000, discount = 20%. Find gain or loss.

1. SP = 1000 × 80/100 = ₹800.
2. SP = CP.
3. So there is no gain and no loss.
4. Answer: No profit, no loss.

Solved Example 3

Question: CP = ₹1,600, MP = ₹2,000, discount = 5%. Find profit%.

1. SP = 2000 × 95/100 = ₹1,900.
2. Profit = 1900 − 1600 = ₹300.
3. Profit% = (300/1600) × 100 = 18.75%.
4. Answer: Profit% = 18.75%.

6. Successive Profit, Loss and Percentage Changes

When two percentage changes happen one after another, do not simply add them in every case. Use multiplication of percentage factors.

\[\boxed{Final\ factor=\left(1+{a\over100}\right)\left(1+{b\over100}\right)}\]

Solved Example 1

Question: Price increases by 20% and then 10%. Find total increase.

1. First factor = 1.20.
2. Second factor = 1.10.
3. Final factor = 1.20 × 1.10 = 1.32.
4. So final price is 132% of old price.
5. Total increase = 32%.
6. Answer: 32% increase.

Solved Example 2

Question: Price decreases by 20% and then 10%. Find total decrease.

1. First factor = 0.80.
2. Second factor = 0.90.
3. Final factor = 0.80 × 0.90 = 0.72.
4. Final price is 72% of old price.
5. Total decrease = 28%.
6. Answer: 28% decrease.

Solved Example 3

Question: A price rises by 25% and then falls by 20%. What is the net change?

1. Increase factor = 1.25.
2. Decrease factor = 0.80.
3. Final factor = 1.25 × 0.80 = 1.
4. Final price equals original price.
5. Answer: No net change.

7. False Weight and Dishonest Dealer

Sometimes a seller gives less quantity than promised. This can create a gain even when the selling price looks normal.

\[\boxed{Gain\%={True\ quantity-Given\ quantity\over Given\ quantity}\times100}\]

Solved Example 1

Question: A shopkeeper gives 900 g instead of 1 kg for the price of 1 kg. Find gain%.

1. True quantity = 1000 g.
2. Given quantity = 900 g.
3. Extra gain ratio = 100/900.
4. Gain% = (100/900) × 100 = 11.11% approximately.
5. Answer: Gain ≈ 11.11%.

Solved Example 2

Question: A dealer gives 800 g for 1 kg. Find gain%.

1. Short quantity = 1000 − 800 = 200 g.
2. Gain% = (200/800) × 100.
3. = 25%.
4. Answer: Gain = 25%.

Solved Example 3

Question: A trader uses 950 g instead of 1 kg and sells at cost price. Find gain%.

1. Short quantity = 50 g.
2. He charges for 1000 g but gives 950 g.
3. Gain% = (50/950) × 100.
4. ≈ 5.26%.
5. Answer: Gain ≈ 5.26%.

8. Exam Shortcuts and Common Traps

Shortcut 1 — Profit factor

20% profit means SP = 120% of CP. So multiply CP by 1.20.

Shortcut 2 — Loss factor

15% loss means SP = 85% of CP. So multiply CP by 0.85.

Shortcut 3 — Discount

25% discount means customer pays 75% of MP.

Common Mistakes

• Using SP instead of CP in profit% or loss%.
• Using CP instead of MP for discount%.
• Adding successive percentages directly without checking the base.
• Forgetting that profit means SP > CP and loss means CP > SP.
• Doing mental arithmetic too fast and missing a zero.

9. 15 Fully Solved SSC GD Practice Questions

Question 1. CP = ₹750 and SP = ₹900. Find profit%.

Profit = 900 − 750 = ₹150.

Profit% = (150/750) × 100 = 20%.

Question 2. CP = ₹1,200 and loss = 10%. Find SP.

SP = 1200 × 90/100 = ₹1,080.

Question 3. SP = ₹1,440 at 20% profit. Find CP.

SP = 120% of CP.

CP = 1440 × 100/120 = ₹1,200.

Question 4. An article costs ₹500 and is sold for ₹575. Find profit and profit%.

Profit = 575 − 500 = ₹75.

Profit% = (75/500) × 100 = 15%.

Question 5. An article is sold for ₹680 at 15% loss. Find CP.

SP = 85% of CP.

CP = 680 × 100/85 = ₹800.

Question 6. MP = ₹2,500 and discount = 12%. Find SP.

SP = 2500 × 88/100 = ₹2,200.

Question 7. MP = ₹1,800 and SP = ₹1,530. Find discount%.

Discount = 1800 − 1530 = ₹270.

Discount% = (270/1800) × 100 = 15%.

Question 8. CP = ₹1,000, MP = ₹1,400 and discount = 10%. Find profit%.

SP = 1400 × 90/100 = ₹1,260.

Profit = 260.

Profit% = (260/1000) × 100 = 26%.

Question 9. A trader gains 25% by selling an article for ₹1,500. Find CP.

SP = 125% of CP.

CP = 1500 × 100/125 = ₹1,200.

Question 10. Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are given. Find total discount.

Final factor = 0.90 × 0.80 = 0.72.

Customer pays 72% of MP.

Total discount = 28%.

Question 11. Price is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%. Find net change.

Factor = 1.20 × 0.80 = 0.96.

Final price is 96% of old price.

Net decrease = 4%.

Question 12. A seller gives 800 g instead of 1 kg at the same price. Find gain%.

Short quantity = 200 g.

Gain% = (200/800) × 100 = 25%.

Question 13. An article is sold at 12% loss for ₹1,056. Find CP.

SP = 88% of CP.

CP = 1056 × 100/88 = ₹1,200.

Question 14. CP = ₹2,400 and desired profit = 25%. Find SP.

SP = 2400 × 125/100 = ₹3,000.

Question 15. MP = ₹3,000. After 20% discount, the seller still makes 20% profit. Find CP.

SP = 3000 × 80/100 = ₹2,400.

SP = 120% of CP.

CP = 2400 × 100/120 = ₹2,000.

10. Final Revision

Must-Remember Formulas

\[\boxed{Profit=SP-CP}\]

\[\boxed{Loss=CP-SP}\]

\[\boxed{Profit\%=\frac{Profit}{CP}\times100}\]

\[\boxed{Loss\%=\frac{Loss}{CP}\times100}\]

\[\boxed{SP=CP\times\frac{100+p}{100}}\]

\[\boxed{SP=CP\times\frac{100-l}{100}}\]

\[\boxed{Discount=MP-SP}\]

\[\boxed{Discount\%=\frac{Discount}{MP}\times100}\]

\[\boxed{SP=MP\times\frac{100-d}{100}}\]

One-Minute Checklist

• ✓ First identify CP, SP and MP.
• ✓ Profit/loss percentage uses CP as base.
• ✓ Discount percentage uses MP as base.
• ✓ Convert percentage into a factor when speed is needed.
• ✓ Show the important steps.
• ✓ Check the answer by reverse calculation.
• ✓ Box the final answer.

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SSC GD Maths • Unit 6: Profit & Loss

Handwritten-style, easy-English, mobile-friendly exam notes.

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